What Causes Jaundice In Newborns

In a Nutshell

• Understanding Neonatal Jaundice: Learn the primary causes of jaundice in newborns and why it is commonly observed.
• Types of Jaundice: Explore the various forms, including physiologic, pathologic, and breast milk jaundice, and understand their specific causes.
• Symptoms and Diagnosis: Recognize the common symptoms and know the diagnostic processes involved.
• Treatment Options: Discover the various treatments and interventions for managing jaundice in newborns.
• Prevention and Monitoring: Tips on how to prevent and monitor jaundice in infants to ensure their well-being.

Table of Contents
1. Introduction to Neonatal Jaundice
2. Types of Jaundice in Newborns
– Physiologic Jaundice
– Pathologic Jaundice
– Breast Milk Jaundice
3. Symptoms and Diagnosis
– Common Symptoms
– Diagnostic Procedures
4. Treatment Options
– Phototherapy
– Exchange Transfusion
– Home Care
5. Prevention and Monitoring
6. FAQ

Introduction to Neonatal Jaundice

Neonatal jaundice is a common condition: It occurs in about 60% of full-term and 80% of preterm infants. Jaundice refers to the yellow discoloration of a newborn’s skin and eyes caused by high bilirubin levels.

• Bilirubin: A yellow compound that occurs in the blood when red blood cells break down.
• Liver Immaturity: Newborns’ livers are less efficient at processing bilirubin, leading to its accumulation.

Types of Jaundice in Newborns

Understanding the types of jaundice can help: Different causes result in different types of jaundice, some are benign while others may need medical intervention.

Physiologic Jaundice

• Normal Process: It generally occurs 2-3 days after birth.
• Immature Liver: The liver’s inability to process bilirubin effectively is the main cause.

Pathologic Jaundice

• Underlying Conditions: It can result from blood group incompatibility, internal bleeding, or infections.
• Early Onset: Appears within the first 24 hours of life and requires immediate medical attention.

Breast Milk Jaundice</h3 – **Breastfeeding Influence:** Causes include substances in breast milk that can increase bilirubin levels. – **Late Onset:** Typically emerges 4-7 days after birth and can persist for 3-12 weeks.

Symptoms and Diagnosis

Recognizing symptoms early is crucial: Timely diagnosis and management can prevent potential complications.

Common Symptoms

• Yellowing of Skin and Eyes: Start with the face and chest spreading to other parts.
• Poor Feeding and Lethargy: Infants may be hard to wake and feed less actively.

Diagnostic Procedures

• Physical Examination: Checking for yellow discoloration.
• Bilirubin Tests: Blood tests to measure the levels of bilirubin.
• Transcutaneous Bilirubinometer: A non-invasive device to quickly check skin bilirubin levels.

Treatment Options

Several treatments are available: Depending on severity, treatments range from simple home care to more intensive medical interventions.

Phototherapy

• Light Treatment: Blue light helps break down bilirubin in the skin.

Exchange Transfusion

• Severe Cases: Involves replacing the baby’s blood with donor blood to quickly reduce bilirubin.

Home Care

• Adequate Feeding: Ensuring the baby is well-fed to help metabolize bilirubin.

Prevention and Monitoring

Keeping a close watch: Regular monitoring helps in managing and preventing jaundice effectively.

• Early Feeding: Promotes bilirubin excretion.
• Regular Check-ups: Especially critical in the first week of life.

FAQ

Q1: What causes jaundice in newborns?
A: High bilirubin levels due to the immature liver, blood group incompatibility, or breastfeeding factors.

Q2: Is jaundice dangerous in newborns?
A: It can be if untreated, resulting in severe complications like kernicterus. Most cases are mild and treatable.

Q3: How long does jaundice last?
A: Physiologic jaundice typically resolves within two weeks, while breast milk jaundice can last up to twelve weeks.

Q4: What are the risks of phototherapy?
A: Risks are minimal but can include overheating and dehydration.

Q5: When should I consult a doctor?
A: If jaundice appears within the first 24 hours, spreads quickly, or if the baby shows signs of poor feeding and lethargy.

Visit What Causes for more in-depth discussions on related health conditions and their causes.
For further reading, check out the following resources:

• American Academy of Pediatrics – Jaundice Guidelines
• Mayo Clinic – Newborn Jaundice.