What Causes Peritonitis?

Peritonitis is a serious medical condition characterized by inflammation of the peritoneum, the thin layer of tissue that lines the inside of the abdomen and covers most of the abdominal organs. Understanding the causes of peritonitis is crucial for early detection and effective treatment.

Causes of Peritonitis

Peritonitis can be caused by a variety of factors, which can be broadly categorized into infectious and non-infectious causes.

1. Infectious Peritonitis

Infectious peritonitis is the most common type and can occur when bacteria or fungi enter the peritoneal cavity. The sources of these pathogens include:

• Abdominal injury or surgery: Open wounds or surgical procedures can introduce bacteria into the peritoneal cavity.
• Ruptured appendix or diverticulum: A burst appendix or diverticulum can release bacteria from the intestines into the abdomen.
• Perforated ulcer: An ulcer that creates a hole in the stomach or intestines can allow bacteria to escape into the abdominal cavity.
• Peritoneal dialysis: Patients undergoing peritoneal dialysis for kidney failure are at increased risk of infection if the equipment or technique is not sterile.

2. Non-Infectious Peritonitis

Non-infectious peritonitis can result from various conditions and irritants, including:

• Chemical irritation: Spillage of bile, pancreatic enzymes, or gastric acid into the peritoneal cavity due to a perforated organ can cause inflammation.
• Chronic conditions: Diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and familial Mediterranean fever can lead to inflammation of the peritoneum.
• Foreign substances: The introduction of non-infectious irritants like talc or barium during medical procedures can cause peritonitis.

Symptoms of Peritonitis

Peritonitis symptoms can develop rapidly and may include:

• Severe abdominal pain and tenderness
• Abdominal distention or bloating
• Fever and chills
• Nausea and vomiting
• Rapid heartbeat
• Loss of appetite
• Diarrhea or inability to pass gas

Diagnosis and Treatment

Diagnosing peritonitis typically involves a combination of medical history, physical examination, blood tests, imaging studies (such as X-rays or CT scans), and analysis of peritoneal fluid obtained through paracentesis.

Treatment depends on the underlying cause but often includes:

• Antibiotics or antifungal medications: To fight infection.
• Surgery: To repair any perforations or remove sources of infection like an inflamed appendix.
• Supportive care: Including fluids, pain management, and monitoring for complications.

Prevention

Preventing peritonitis involves:

• Maintaining strict hygiene and sterile techniques during medical procedures.
• Timely treatment of abdominal infections and conditions.
• Regular monitoring and follow-up for patients on peritoneal dialysis.

Understanding the causes and early signs of peritonitis can significantly improve outcomes and reduce complications. For more detailed information, visit What Causes to explore various health-related topics and gain a deeper understanding of numerous conditions and their origins.

By staying informed and vigilant, we can better manage our health and respond swiftly to symptoms that could indicate serious conditions like peritonitis.